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Using a VPN is a great way to protect your internet traffic when you're traveling, but it's not a solution for encrypting your local files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shooter's iPhone, they asked Apple to get a rear door to get beyond the encryption. But no such back door existed, and Apple refused to make one. The FBI needed to hire hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Since the moment a back door or similar hack exists, it becomes a goal, a prize for the poor guys. It'll flow sooner or later. In a talk at Black Hat last summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic disclosed the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update thembut the poor guys can't get in either. .

All of the products in this roundup explicitly say they have no back door, and that's as it should be. It does mean that in the event you encrypt an essential document and then forget the encryption password, then you've lost it for good.

Back in the day, if you wanted to maintain a document secret you could use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you could lock it up in a safe. The two main methods in encryption utilities parallel with those options.

One sort of product simply procedures files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of these. The other creates a virtual disc that, when open, behaves like any other drive on your system. When you lock the virtual drive, all of the files that you put into it are completely inaccessible. .

Similar to the virtual drive solution, a few goods save your encrypted data in the cloud. This approach requires extreme care, obviously. Encrypted data in the cloud has a much bigger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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That is better It actually depends on how you plan to use encryption. If you're not sure, take advantage of this 30-day free trial offered by each of these products to get a feel for the different options.

Once you copy a document into secure storage, or create an encrypted version of it, then you absolutely need to wipe the unencrypted original. Simply deleting it isn't sufficient, even if you skip the Recycle Bin, since the data still exists on disc, and data retrieval utilities can often get it back. .

Some encryption products avoid this problem by encrypting the document in location, literally overwriting it on disc with an encrypted version. It's more common, however, to provide safe deletion as an option. If you select a product that lacks this feature, you should find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting information before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based recovery tools. Hardware-based forensic recovery functions because the magnetic recording of information on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It is more of a waveform. In simple terms, the process involves nulling out the known data and reading around the borders of what's left.

An encryption algorithm is similar to a black box. Dump a document, picture, or other document into it, and you get back what sounds like gibberish. Run that gibberish back via the box, using the exact same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has depended on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and every one the products gathered here support AES. Even the ones that support other calculations tend to recommend using AES.

If you are an encryption specialist, you might want another algorithm, Blowfish, possibly, or even the Soviet government's GOST. For the average user, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you must keep them secret, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you receive two keys. One is public; you can discuss it with anyone, register it in a key exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you like. The other is personal, and should be closely guarded. If I want to send you a key document, I just encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this program in reverse, you can create an electronic signature that shows that your document came from you and hasn't been modified. How Just encrypt it with your private key. The fact that your public key decrypts it's all of the proof you need. PKI service is less common than support for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to talk about a file with someone and your encryption application doesn't support PKI, there are other options for sharing. Many products allow creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You may also find that the recipient can click site use a complimentary, decryption-only tool.